For effective sanitation, how long should water be boiled to kill most harmful organisms?

Boiling water for 15 seconds is generally considered sufficient to kill most harmful organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, which are common concerns in field sanitation. The high temperatures achieved during this process cause cellular damage and disrupt critical functions of these microorganisms, leading to their death.

This standard is based on guidelines established by health organizations that emphasize the effectiveness of boiling as a method of disinfection. While boiling water for shorter durations may not reach the temperatures necessary to eliminate all pathogens effectively, boiling it for at least 15 seconds provides a reliable margin of safety. It ensures that even the more resilient organisms are likely eradicated, making this practice an essential part of maintaining safe drinking water in military operations and field situations.

In contrast, durations shorter than 15 seconds may not provide enough time for the water to reach the required temperature throughout, risking the survival of harmful organisms. Hence, the emphasis on a 15-second duration serves as a practical and scientifically backed guideline for ensuring safe water sanitation.