How long should water be boiled to ensure it is safe for consumption when chlorine or iodine is not available?

Boiling water is a highly effective method for killing pathogens that may be present, making it safe to drink. The recommended duration of 5-10 minutes is based on guidelines established for ensuring the destruction of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in varying water conditions.

At higher altitudes, where the boiling point of water is reduced, it is advisable to boil for a longer period; however, for most circumstances at sea level, boiling water for 5-10 minutes effectively addresses most health risks associated with harmful microorganisms. It is a universally accepted guideline that combines safety and practicality. In situations where other disinfectants like chlorine or iodine are unavailable, boiling becomes the primary method for ensuring that the water is free from harmful organisms.

This time frame balances the need for effective purification with the ability to do so without consuming excessive fuel or time, making it an efficient choice in field conditions.